The placenta

The placenta is a disc-shaped structure attached to the wall of the uterus and connected to the baby via the umbilical cord. It is a network of arteries and veins from your baby that interfaces with your circulation. At term, it weighs approximately one-sixth as much as the baby.
Blood vessels from your baby (the umbilical arteries) lead into the placenta, where they divide into fine blood vessels (capillaries) that

The placenta is usually well out of the cervix’s way, but occasionally it implants in the lower uterus, a condition known as placenta praevia (see page 130). This may be noted at the 20-week scan, but in nine out of ten cases, it will have moved out of the way before you are due to give birth.
The umbilical cord
The cord is usually about 50 cm (20 in) long, 1 -2 cm (1/Ј-3/4 in) wide and contains two arteries and one vein, which spiral around each other. Inside the cord is a jelly-like substance called Wharton’s jelly, which cushions the blood vessels. Occasionally a knot forms in the cord. In most cases this does not cause any problems because blood is still able to pass through it.
The amniotic fluid
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Your growing baby is surrounded by fluid, which protects both baby and uterus. For most of the pregnancy, this amniotic fluid comes from your baby’s urine. The quantity increases from 150-200 ml (5-7 fI oz) at 16 weeks to 1000 ml (13A pt) at 36 weeks.
Amniotic fluid is constantly being recirculated: your baby swallows it.

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How your body cares for your baby

Normally, the development of the fetus from a tiny group of cells to a fully grown baby occurs inside the uterus with the help of the placenta, the umbilical cord and the amniotic fluid.
1 The placenta enables oxygen and nutrients to cross from your blood into your baby’s blood, and also allows carbon dioxide and waste products to go from your baby’s blood into your blood for disposal.
2 The placenta also manufactures a number of hormones, including human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG), which is important for sustaining the pregnancy during the first few weeks, human placental lactogen (HPL), which is important for fetal growth, oestriol (a type of oestrogen) and progesterone, which maintains the lining of the uterus. buy Femcare (clotrimazole vaginal) – an antifungal medication at swiss drugstore
3 The placenta also protects your baby against rejection by your antibodies and helps to block the passage of many potentially harmful substances, for example drugs and other chemicals.

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Beyonce is pregnant – Top Hot New – Beyonce pregnant

Hot NEW! Beyonce is pregnant
We all happy! :)

How Jay-Z Doted on Pregnant Beyonce Backstage at VMAs

Music Awards show was an unforgettable night for Jay-Z and wife Beyonce — who…PHOTOS: How Beyonce and Jay fell in love “Kanye looked like the proud uncle!” …pregnant or having twins which wouldn’t be a surprise. you people don’t…
Beyonce Is PREGNANT!!! (And We Got TONS Of Preggo Pics)


Someone posted on here last week or so that Beyonce was finally pregnant….Congratz to Beyonce (a married woman) for having a baby with Jay Z (her…Finally MTO got it right for a change Beyonce is really pregnant this time congrats to her and…
Beyonce At VMAs And More Public Baby Reveals


would make their own rules to address the fact that she’s clearly pregnant,” he said….Beyonce on the 2011 VMA black carpet Photo: Jason Merritt/Getty Images…
Pregnant Beyonce flaunts baby bump, Jay-Z jumps for joy [Video]


Beyonce’s red-carpet baby bump tipped off the world to her pregnancy — but her performance at the 2011 MTV…Pregnant Beyonce flaunts baby bump, Jay-Z jumps for joy [Video] |…Photo: Beyonce waves to fans after performing “Love on…
Beyonce Is Pregnant; Singer Joins The Celebrity Baby Boom

Beyonce stunned the crowd at the Nokia Theatre Sunday night, and the millions of fans watching at home when…Beyonce on your bundle of joy Babies make the…
Beyonce Pregnant: Singer Announces Pregnancy On VMAs

Beyonce’s rep confirms the pregnancy . PREVIOUSLY : Walking the red carpet at the MTV Video Music…
Beyonce Reveals Pregnancy On VMA Stage

Maybe she will be inspired to start paying her bills- yes folks- Beyonce does NOT pay her bills….Congrates Beyonce and Jay-Z we luv u guys and we will luv ur baby 2. again congrates luv yal!!!!!!
Beyoncé’s VMA Surprise: She Reveals She’s Pregnant!

http://wonderwall.msn.com/music/gossip-beyonce-reveals-shes-pregnant-a…

Her rep quickly confirmed that she is indeed pregnant….Beyonce reveals her impending stork visit.View Gallery » 2011 VMAs Britney Spears and more of your favorite…Pregnant Actress Lindsay Sloane is pregnant.Read Story…
MTV Video Music Awards: Beyoncé reveals she is pregnant

Beyonce Pregnant: ‘I Want You to Feel the Love That’s Growing Inside Me’

Beyonce Pregnant: ‘I Want You to Feel the Love That’s Growing Inside Me’ – …Beyonce performs onstage during the 2011 MTV Video Music Awards at Nokia Theatre L.A….Beyonce Knowles was determined to have a baby by the time she was 30…

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Before you get pregnant learn male reproductive system

Male reproductive system

The male system maximizes the chances of impregnation. A man does not have a store of sperm when he is bom. Sperm production begins at puberty and continues until very late in life, although it starts to slow down in late middle age. It takes about 70-80 days to produce a mature sperm, ready for ejaculation. Of the hundreds of million sperm in any one ejaculation, only a couple of thousand survive the journey into the uterus and on to the Fallopian tube.

Ejaculation

In each ejaculation, between 2 and 6 ml (V&-11/2tsp) of semen are released, each millilitre of which contains between
35 million and 200 million sperm. Not all of these are normal, healthy sperm -about a quarter of them cannot swim and have no chance of making it to the egg.

Sperm are made in the testes, held in the scrotal sac outside the body.

• Scrotal sac This bag of skin contains and protects the testes. It holds them outside the body where temperatures are slightly cooler, maximizing sperm production.

• Testes Sperm are made in the testes, or testicles, and are constantly replenished.

• Sperm Each sperm is about 0.05 mm long and consists of a head containing genetic information, a middle section that provides the energy for the sperm to propel itself, and a tail, which moves from side to side as the sperm swims.

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• Epididymis The sperm mature in this part of the testis.

• Vas deferens When the sperm are rViature, they pass along the vas deferens (sperm ducts) from the epididymis to the seminal vesicles.

• Seminal vesicles Sperm are stored here until ejaculation. They mix with fluid made in the seminal vesicle, and fluids from the prostate gland, to form semen, which is projected along the urethra.

• Urethra During ejaculation, contractions at the base of the penis force semen along this tube, which runs from the bladder to the tip of the penis.

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Before you get pregnant learn female reproductive system

Before you start trying to conceive it is a good idea to familiarize yourself with the workings of your reproductive system, and with that of your partner.

So, Female reproductive system

Before you get pregnant, the uterus (womb) is roughly the size and shape of a pear and weighs about 60 g (2% oz). The two ovaries lie on either side, between finger-like projections called fimbriae at the end of the Fallopian tubes, through which fertilized eggs travel to the uterus.

• Ovaries All the eggs you will ever produce are stored in your ovaries before birth. When you begin menstruating one egg is released approximately every 28 days until you reach the menopause. The release of the egg is called ovulation, and usually each ovary produces an egg on alternate months. The ovaries also produce the hormone oestrogen, which thickens the lining of the womb ready to receive the fertilized egg.

• Eggs Each month about 20 eggs (ova) begin to ripen inside the ovary follicles in your ovaries. One egg (ovum) will ripen first and will be released from the follicle.

• Fallopian tubes You have two Fallopian tubes, one running from each ovary to the uterus. When an egg is released from an ovary, it is drawn into the Fallopian tube. Slight contractions of the Fallopian tube help to move the egg towards the uterus. The journey from ovary to uterus takes a couple eggs.

Eggs are made in the two ovaries, which are positioned at the end of the Fallopian tubes, among the fimbriae.

• Uterus The egg then moves into the uterus, which is like a bag with a thick muscular wall. If the egg is fertilized, it attaches to the endometrium, the spongy lining of the uterus. The endometrium has been prepared ready to receive the fertilized egg; if the egg is not fertilized, the lining is shed – this is your period.

• Cervix The neck of the uterus at the top of the vagina, through which the baby passes at birth, is the cervix. It is normally closed, leaving a tiny opening through which blood seeps during a period.

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Common concerns before pregnancy

It is normal to have anxieties when you are thinking about having a baby. You may fear losing your freedom, passing up a career, becoming dependent on your partner or simply facing up to the responsibilities of parenthood. You may also worry about the physical demands of pregnancy, about its effects on your body, about illnesses that might affect your baby or about the possibility of having a child with a disability.

Other concerns might centre around being a good mother and coping with day-to-day childcare. You may also wonder how much your partner will really help you. Working through all sorts of doubts can be a large part of preparing yourself mentally for pregnancy and you will find that many of them disappear once you are actually pregnant.

Not everyone can plan their pregnancy well in advance, and many women have a perfectly healthy pregnancy with no special preparations at all. However, if you and your partner have the luxury of time to get in the peak of health and fitness before you conceive, you will improve your chances of conception and also have a greater chance of a healthy pregnancy and a healthy baby. It is worth finding out about the positive changes that you can make in anticipation of pregnancy, and it can also be helpful to discover just how your reproductive system functions.

Is there a perfect age for pregnancy? Physically, the best time to have a baby is in your early 20s. However, many of the risk factors associated with giving birth when you are older could affect any woman, whatever her age; being overweight or having suffered infertility problems just happen to be more common in older women. The risk of chromosomal abnormalities increases with age but most problems, including heart defects, spina bifida, cleft palate and talipes, are no more common in older mothers.

Q/ How far in advance should I start preparing for pregnancy?

A. You should start preparing at least three months ahead of trying for a baby, but ideally aim for six months or more. This will give you sufficient time to build up good nutritional reserves and eliminate all traces of the ill-effects of alcohol and smoking from your system. Encourage your partner to prepare with you, because the quality of his sperm depends on his diet and lifestyle.

Q. What should I do about contraception?

A. If you are taking the pill or using an intra-uterine device (IUCD) you might want to use another form of contraception for about three months before attempting to get pregnant. This will allow your body to return to normal, as both forms of contraception can alter the balance of nutrients such as zinc, copper and certain vitamins. Allowing your periods time to settle down to a regular pattern also makes dating your pregnancy much more accurate.

Q. Does it matter if I am fit when I conceive?
A. The special needs of pregnancy often become obvious to women too late, when they realize how much harder everything is if they are unfit! If you increase your suppleness, strength and stamina before becoming pregnant you will be able to carry a baby more easily, reduce the risk of backache and other discomforts, and find you get less tired

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Five ways to prepare for pregnancy

1 Find ways of reducing stress in your life. Try to shed unnecessary work commitments and reorganize your social life.
2 Go to your GP for a check-up so that you start pregnancy with a clean bill of health, or see if your midwife provides preconceptual advice and information.
3 Redress the balance between work and play, activity and relaxation, your own needs and those of others in your life.
4 Take more exercise and improve your diet.
5 Change habits you know are bad for you such as smoking and excessive drinking of alcohol.

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Changing your lifestyle during pregnancy

If you and your partner have the chance to improve your health before you become pregnant, take it! Healthy parents tend to have healthy babies and fit mothers tend to experience fewer problems during pregnancy and birth.

Where to start
If you have any specific health worries, or if you suffer from any conditions that you think might affect your pregnancy, discuss these with your doctor before stopping contraception. Mention any long-term medication you are on, as well as any herbal supplements or homeopathic remedies that you use, as some of these can affect your ability to conceive or harm the fetus. At the same time, you can arrange to have your immunity to rubella (German measles) checked.

Before conceiving, focus on your general fitness, weight and diet. Take steps to make improvements in each area if necessary. If you drink alcohol regularly, take recreational drugs or smoke you should seriously consider stopping altogether.

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If possible, you should take folic acid supplements (400 mg daily) for at least three months before and after conception. Folic acid is known to reduce the risk of babies having spina bifida, as well as other neural tube defects and cleft palate.

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Choosing to have a baby. Common concerns

Deciding to have a baby is one of the most momentous decisions you are likely to make in your life, and the idea that you are going to become a parent can take some getting used to. Planning ahead can help you to start your pregnancy in good health and a positive frame of mind. By adopting a healthy lifestyle you can enhance your chances of conceiving, reduce the likelihood of problems during pregnancy and spare yourself a certain amount of worry. You are also more likely to feel that you are in control of your body and your pregnancy.

By the way. Many men take great delight in young children. They are keen on the idea of becoming a father, and they are enthusiastic and eager to share the preparations. Others are pleased, but reserved about it. Your partner may have moments of doubt: he may worry about being a good father, about taking on the financial responsibility for you and the baby and about your safety during pregnancy and birth. He may also be concerned about changes in your social life, your sex life and your relationship with each other.

It is normal to have anxieties when you are thinking about having a baby. You may fear losing your freedom, passing up a career, becoming dependent on your partner or simply facing up to the responsibilities of parenthood. You may also worry about the physical demands of pregnancy, about its effects on your body, about illnesses that might affect your baby or about the possibility of having a child with a disability.

Other concerns might centre around being a good mother and coping with day-to-day childcare. You may also wonder how much your partner will really help you. Working through all sorts of doubts can be a large part of preparing yourself mentally for pregnancy and you will find that many of them disappear once you are actually pregnant.

Not everyone can plan their pregnancy well in advance, and many women have a perfectly healthy pregnancy with no special preparations at all. However, if you and your partner have the luxury of time to get in the peak of health and fitness before you conceive, you will improve your chances of conception and also have a greater chance of a healthy pregnancy and a healthy baby. It is worth finding out about the positive changes that you can make in anticipation of pregnancy, and it can also be helpful to discover just how your reproductive system functions.

Is there a perfect age for pregnancy? Physically, the best time to have a baby is in your early 20s. However, many of the risk factors associated with giving birth when you are older could affect any woman, whatever her age; being overweight or having suffered infertility problems just happen to be more common in older women. The risk of chromosomal abnormalities increases with age but most problems, including heart defects, spina bifida, cleft palate and talipes, are no more common in older mothers.

“How far in advance should I start preparing for pregnancy?” You should start preparing at least three months ahead of trying for a baby, but ideally aim for six months or more. This will give you sufficient time to build up good nutritional reserves and eliminate all traces of the ill-effects of alcohol and smoking from your system. Encourage your partner to prepare with you, because the quality of his sperm depends on his diet and lifestyle.

“What should I do about contraception?” If you are taking pills (for example, Alesse, Yasmin, etc.) or using an intra-uterine device (IUCD) you might want to use another form of contraception for about three months before attempting to get pregnant. This will allow your body to return to normal, as both forms of contraception can alter the balance of nutrients such as zinc, copper and certain vitamins. Allowing your periods time to settle down to a regular pattern also makes dating your pregnancy much more accurate.

“Does it matter if I am fit when I conceive?” A The special needs of pregnancy often become obvious to women too late, when they realize how much harder everything is if they are unfit! If you increase your suppleness, strength and stamina before becoming pregnant you will be able to carry a baby more easily, reduce the risk of backache and other discomforts, and find you get less tired

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Common anxieties during pregnancy

During pregnancy, your body is being bombarded with a variety of hormones that can affect your mood, triggering a rollercoaster of emotions. You may feel tearful, without knowing quite why. You may be deliriously happy one minute only to be gripped by a seemingly irrational fear seconds later. Don’t worry, you’re not the only one. Most expectant mothers – and partners – go through many anxious moments.

Why worry?

Becoming a parent involves adjusting to some huge changes in both your role and lifestyle, which can be difficult. If this is your first baby, you might worry that your partner will see you differently after the birth: not as a lover but in your new role as a mother. You may also have some regrets about the loss of freedom that having a child entails. If you already have an older child or children, you may worry about how they will adjust to the arrival of a new baby brother or sister.

You will probably be expecting changes in your financial circumstances or in your housing arrangements. If your pregnancy was not planned, you may be very concerned about being unable to support a baby financially or about your house being too small.

Of course, it is important to think through all the practicalities of returning to work and enlisting your family to help out with child care. However, some people would always feel that they don’t have enough money, enough bedrooms or a big enough car to commit to having a baby, and yet, with hindsight, do not regret an unplanned pregnancy.

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